Aggression and Criminality Differences: Androphilic vs. Gynephilic
One of the first transsexuals I met at the Stanford Gender Dysphoria Clinic in 1976, an older transwoman who made very envious comments about my appearance, later was caught and convicted of multiple insurance fraud scams. It would not be the last time that someone I personally knew would convicted for some crime. Once, a houseguest, someone I was hosting while they healed from SRS before returning to their regular life, took the key to my small airplane, stole it in the middle of the night, crashing it in a hay field when she ran out of fuel. Then there are the depraved animals like Dana Rivers, who in 2016, murdered three people in their own home while staying as a houseguest.
These and other instances are used by transphobic activists to paint transwomen as dangerous monsters. But what is the real truth? In actuality, like non-transsexuals, most people are not such anti-social people. They are good, decent, and law obeying citizens.
Consider the Dhejne study which has been used by transphobes, claiming that it showed that transwomen had the same rate of criminal behavior as men in general, which indeed the paper did verbally suggest.
Male-to-females had a significantly increased risk for crime compared to female controls (aHR 6.6; 95% CI 4.1–10.8) but not compared to males (aHR 0.8; 95% CI 0.5–1.2). This indicates that they retained a male pattern regarding criminality. The same was true regarding violent crime. By contrast, female-to-males had higher crime rates than female controls (aHR 4.1; 95% CI 2.5–6.9) but did not differ from male controls. This indicates a shift to a male pattern regarding criminality and that sex reassignment is coupled to increased crime rate in female-to-males. The same was true regarding violent crime.
My long time readers will know my oft repeated mantra that one should not accept statements of conclusions in papers as facts, but look at the actual data. The data showed that transwomen had a 20% lower crime rate than men. However, given other evidence from other studies, I hypothesized that this was an artifact of failing to differentiate between gynephilic and androphilic transsexuals; that the rate is pulled down by the inclusion of androphilic (homosexual / HSTS) transwomen who have a significantly lower criminal rate.
Why do I say this? Because the data shows that androphilic males exhibit lower physical aggressiveness and criminal behavior, starting in childhood and extending into adulthood than gynephilic males. Further, androphilic (HSTS) transwomen show even lower physical aggressiveness than gay men.
We don’t have good data on androphilic vs. gynephilic transwomen with respect to criminal convictions. But knowing that androphilic transwomen have lower aggressiveness than even gay men, we can extrapolate that they will also have lower criminality. Fortunately, a study came out just days ago which provide solid data on the criminal arrest rates of heterosexuals vs. homosexuals, of both sexes.
To determine the sexual orientation of the subjects, they used marriage records of the Netherlands, which provides for both Opposite Sex (OS) and Same Sex (SS) marriages. Note that straight men have a ~60% higher overall criminal rate than gay men. For violent crime, straight men have essentially double the crime rate as gay men. Admittedly, the gay men still have a much higher rate than straight women. But again, recall, that androphilic transwomen exhibit yet lower physical aggression than even gay men.
Regarding transmen, Dhejne found that they had crime rates much higher that straight women, while van de Weijer found that lesbians also had a higher crime rate, but not nearly as high as Dhejne. This suggests, just with the ‘opposite sex-like shift’ for androphilic transwomen, that transmen are also further shifted to being like the opposite sex than non-transsexual homosexuals of the same natal sex.
Thus, this supports my hypothesis that androphilic transwomen exhibit far lower criminality than straight men… possibly to be near to the low rates as straight women? I look forward to such a study to determine that (provided that the researchers use proper means to determine sexual orientation, given the well documented tendency of gynephilic transwomen to misrepresent one’s sexuality).
Further Reading:
References:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Rivers
Dhejne, et al. “Long-Term Follow-Up of Transsexual Persons Undergoing Sex Reassignment Surgery: Cohort Study in Sweden” (2011) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0016885
Blanchard, R., McConkey, J.G., Roper, V. et al. Measuring physical aggressiveness in heterosexual, homosexual, and transsexual males. Arch Sex Behav 12, 511–524 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01542213
van de Weijer, S.G.A., van Deuren, S. & Boutwell, B.B. Same-Sex Relationships and Criminal Behavior: A Total Population Study in The Netherlands. Arch Sex Behav (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-024-02902-9
Hypothesis: Do Gynandromorphophiles (Chasers) Over-perceive Sexual Interest From MTF Transsexuals?
Ask any straight woman how many times straight men have misperceived, or other “over-perceived” sexual interest from them when they were merely being friendly. There is a documented bias in heterosexual male perceptions of women’s interest in them. Interestingly, this may have come from evolutionary history, as Haselton explains,
“Mammalian males and females faced different selection pressures during their evolution. According to Trivers theory of parental investment, the sex with a greater obligatory investment in reproduction, typically the female, should evolve to be choosy in selecting a mate. The sex with lower obligatory investment, typically the male, should evolve to be less choosy and to be highly competitive for access to members of the high investing sex. — The logic of parental investment theory suggests that for males the fitness costs of missed sexual opportunities will often be greater than the costs of some lost time or effort wasted on unsuccessful courtship. Within a given population, males who miss reproductive opportunities with some regularity will be out-reproduced by males who do not. This is not true for most females. The reproductive variance among females, including human females, is typically far more constrained because of limits imposed by the time and energetic costs of gestation and offspring care (Trivers, 1972). At any point in time, females may receive low to non-existent marginal reproductive benefits of additional mating opportunities because of current pregnancy, lactational amenorrhea, or because they have ready access to another fertile mate (Symons, 1979). Although courtship effort is costly for males, in the currency of differential reproduction these costs will often pale in comparison to the costs of missed mating opportunities.”
The is over-perception bias does NOT occur in straight women. Regardless of whether the phenomenon is an evolved one or a result of socialization in a patriarchal society, the differential bias is constant across different societies, leading to stronger weight to in-born cognitive processes being sexually dimorphic. Again, from Hazelton,
“Experimental evidence suggests that human males may indeed possess this bias. In laboratory experiments, photographic and video stimuli experiments, and minimal experiments using written scenarios or brief descriptions of dating cues, researchers have compared men’s perceptions of women’s sexual intent with women’s perceptions of women’s sexual intent. Men’s estimates of women’s sexual intent are consistently higher than are women’s. This pattern holds when men’s perceptions are compared to women’s perceptions of their own sexual intent and when compared to women’s perceptions of third-party women’s intent. When women’s interpretations of men’s behavior have been examined, there has been little evidence of bias.”
This phenomenon in gynephilic men led to the question, does this phenomena exist in homosexual or bisexual men and women? A very recent paper by Moran explored this, as stated in their abstract,
“Research on perceptions of sexual interest has documented the tendency for men to overperceive sexual interest (i.e., to perceive a social signal as indicating more sexual intent than the actor intended). However, this work has almost exclusively focused upon these dynamics among heterosexual individuals. Thus, the current set of studies aimed to understand how perceptions of sexual interest manifest among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) women and men. In Study 1 (N = 85), LGB women and men nominated behaviors that signal sexual intent. Using an act nomination approach, LGB women and men tended to nominate behaviors similar to those nominated by heterosexual women and men. In Study 2 (N = 43), gay men reported acts that were representative of their own and other gay men’s sexual interest. Consistent with previous work—by comparing perceived self-reported versus others’ sexual intent when engaging in specific behaviors—we found no evidence for a sexual overperception bias in gay men, albeit in a small field study. In Study 3 (N = 307), using a gender-by-sexual orientation design, heterosexual and LGB women and men reported previous experiences in which their friendliness was sexually misperceived. Bisexual women were less likely than other groups to report their friendliness being misinterpreted as sexual by other bisexual women and/or lesbians.”
This result suggests that this phenomenon of over-perception bias is only to be found in gynephilic males. This in turn leads me to posit a new hypothesis, that gynandromorphophilic males (chasers), who we also know from research are also gynephilic, also exhibit this over perception bias when interacting with transwomen. It is important to know that gynephilic and (pseudo) bisexual transwomen are both autogynephilic and gynandromorphophilic. As such, they also have exhibit this over-perception bias. I would invite sexologists to explore this hypothesis, to test it experimentally and using natural events surveys.
For myself, I strongly believe this hypothesis will have experimental support. In the mean time, I will share some anecdotes and community observations to support my personal belief. In the “Further Reading” section below, I link to essays in which I experienced such. It may not be science, but it may help to explore the phenomenon in the wild, so to speak.
In one documented example, two very well known transwomen exhibited this phenomenon. Andrea James, in her effort to smear Dr. Anne Lawrence, recounted on her website, in vilifying tones, an event during the time when they had been on friendly terms, in which Dr. Lawrence over-perceived James’s putative interest in having sex with her. There were no negative repercussions to the error, but James attempted to paint Lawrence in a negative light.
In addition to over-perceiving sexual interest directed towards oneself, the research above showed that gynephilic males also over-perceived sexual interest by women when observing interactions with other men. I strongly believe that this has operated in my own life, with silly consequences where people falsely believed that Dr. Joy Shaffer, my college roommate and political ally, and I were lovers, when we never were, and have promoted this false belief in the transsexual community for years.
Further Reading:
The Love That Can’t Pronounce Its Name
Cognitive Dissonance and Vector Transform Miscalculations in Transgender Tensor Space
References:
Abbey, A. (1982). Sex differences in attributions for friendly behavior: Do males misperceive females’ friendliness? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(5), 830–838. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.42.5.830
Martie G. Haselton, “The sexual overperception bias: Evidence of a systematic bias in men from a survey of naturally occurring events”, Journal of Research in Personality, Volume 37, Issue 1, (2003),
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00529-9
Bendixen, M. (2014). Evidence of Systematic Bias in Sexual Over- and Underperception of Naturally Occurring Events: A Direct Replication of Hazelton in a more Gender-Equal Culture. Evolutionary Psychology, 12(5), 1004-1021. https://doi.org/10.1177/147470491401200510
Moran, J.B., Airington, Z., McGee, E. et al. (Mis)Perceiving Sexual Intent: A Mixed-Method Approach Investigating Sexual Overperception Across Diverse Sexual Identities. Arch Sex Behav 53, 511–524 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-023-02748-7
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